Hubble Diagram Test of Expanding and Static Cosmological Models, A New Interpretation of the Cosmic Redshift

We compare the observed Hubble diagram compiled from 280 supernovae redshift (RS) data in the range of z = 0.0141–8.1 with theoretical Hubble diagrams calculated on the basis of the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, the slowly expanding flat universe (SEU) model that expands according to equation (1) with ΩM = 1, and the static universe model. We show that the Hubble diagram clearly follows the exponential tired light RS formula as expected for static and for slowly expanding universe models. The tired-light RS theory is re-examined in connection with astronomical observations and novel theories of the physical properties of the quantum vacuum by assuming thermalization of starlight into a homogeneous blackbody energy distribution. Our results support the assumption that the RS of the spectral lines is composed of a velocity H0, expansion and a superimposed RS H0, tired light component of as yet unknown origin.